OPA

Secretary of the Interior Manuel Lujan said today his Department looks forward to a major role in implementing the America the Beautiful initiative in President Bush's fiscal year 1991 budget. "With increased funding for land acquisition, recreation enhancement and resource protection, the President shows his strong commitment to meeting the diverse Federal land management challenges of the 1990s," Lujan said.

Along with America the Beautiful, the Interior Department will launch a Legacy '99 initiative to substantially reduce its backlog of rehabilitation and maintenance projects, including the repair of unsafe dams and the clean-up of hazardous materials. "Our goal will be to assure the American people a natural resources legacy we can all celebrate when Interior marks its 150th anniversary in 1999," Lujan said.

The Department's budget request totals $7.7 billion, 6 percent lower than 1990 fiscal year funding levels. Included in this budget request is more than $360 million to implement Interior's part of the President's America the Beautiful initiative.

Lujan said major environmental efforts will be made in the coming fiscal year to improve resource protE3Ction, make high priority land acquisitions, restore public lands and facilities, move ahead with a national water quality assessment program, increase global change research and support an enhanced Department-wide wetlands program.

"In addition, one of our primary goals in the human resources area is the improvement of Indian education," Lujan added. "There is increased funding both for an education initiative and for improved basic administrative functions in the Bureau of Indian Affairs."

Secretary Lujan also noted that he has secured increased funding for several other Departmental initiatives including the War on Drugs, Opportunities for Women and Minorities, Volunteers and the Take Pride in America campaign.

"The President's budget sets forth an action agenda that will enable the Interior Department to improve our stewardship of the Nation's public lands," Lujan said. "We cannot afford to stand by watching the environment that sustains us suffer continued insult and abuse. We must be mindful of our mission to develop in an environmentally sensitive manner the resources needed to sustain our economic growth."

In addition to Department-wide proposals, Secretary Lujan noted the following Interior bureau-specific highlights:

Funding will be increased within the Bureau of Indian Affairs to improve the basic administrative functions of the agency and finance several Indian education initiatives.

Budget increases within the Bureau of Land Management will enable that agency to support its growing recreation and wildlife responsibilities within its overall multiple-use land management mission.

The Bureau of Reclamation will continue to reduce its operations and maintenance backlog, support new bureau water resource studies and incorporate dam safety programs being transferred from the Bureau of Indian Affairs.

Increased funding will enable the Geological Survey to begin full-scale implementation of the National Water Quality Assessment Program, and new research activities related to global change.

The Fish and Wildlife Service budget includes monies in support of the President's goal of "no net loss" of wetlands, and to implement both the Endangered Species Act amendments and conservation efforts on behalf of the African elephant.

The Minerals Management Service will receive additional funds to strengthen its outer continental shelf environmental studies program and expand auditing of oil and gas leases on Indian lands.

The National Park Service's Historic Preservation Grants Program will be increased, as will funding for new, expanding and small parks.

OSMRE

The Office of Surface Mining, Reclamation and Enforcement will be given increased funding for State Regulatory Grants.

Territorial and International Affairs will be given funding to eliminate the trust territory deficit, to mitigate adverse effects of Compacts of Free Association for Guam and the Northern Marianas, and for contributions to the Guam hospital and American Samoa school construction.

[Editor's Note: Departmental and Bureau budgetary highlights from the FY1991 Interior Department budget are attached together with fact sheets on America the Beautiful and Legacy '99.]

The President's 1987 budget request of $923.7 million in appropriations for the Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA) puts new emphasis on the concepts of Indian self-determination and tribal self-government through the introduction of a new line item category for tribal/agency operations, putting almost one-third of the total BIA budget under more direct control of the tribes.

The 1987 request also proposes the transfer of the $22 million Johnson-O'Malley education program to the Department of Education (DOE) and the move of $11.5 million in Title IV education programs from DOE to the BIA. Special legislation to effect ·this change will be needed. The rationale is to have all programs affecting Indian students attending public schools administered in the Department of Education and to move Indian education programs affecting federal or tribal schools to the BIA.

Interior Assistant Secretary Ross Swimmer, who assumed direction of the Bureau of Indian Affairs in December, 1985, said he "was pleased that the 1987 budget request reflected the growing role of tribal governments in the operation of reservation programs." He added, "Even though the President's budget has been designed to comply with the deficit reduction requirements of the Gramm-Rudman act -- with no further reductions anticipated -- there is still an increase of $8.5 million provided for the operation of Indian programs." The 1986 total for BIA program operation is $853.6 million; the 1987 request is for $862.l million.

The Assistant Secretary said he intended to send all tribal chairmen a detailed explanation of the budget request, with further information about opportunities for consolidated grants, contracts and cooperative agreements under the new tribal/agency operations funding category.

The $295 million requested for tribal/agency operations includes funding for local service programs planned and operated at the reservation or .agency level and some other programs offering direct services to tribes and individuals. The consolidated funding of these operations will allow tribes more flexibility in making local decisions concerning fund usage to meet current needs and will reduce federal restrictions.

The program dollars budgeted for tribal/agency operations will be justified under the umbrella of a single budget activity with no subactivity line itemization. This will allow the tribes to request the use of the funds for various purposes within broad Congressional authorizations without going through the cumbersome and slow process of reprogramming required for exchanges between line items.

Comparisons between the individual line items in the 1987 budget request and those in the 1986 appropriation are generally meaningless because of the new tribal/agency operations category, which includes funds transferred from most of the other line item programs.

Programs receiving 1987 increases include self-determination services, $4.2 million; social services, $1.2 million; business enterprise development, $1.2 million; real estate and financial trust services, $4.6 million; management and administration, $1 million; and a new consolidated training program, $1.4 million.

The increase in self-determination services results from a $5.6 million increase for the indirect costs of new tribal contracts for reservation programs, an increase in technical assistance and a decrease of $1.7 million for small tribes core management grants.

The $4.6 million increase in real estate and financial trust services includes $3 million for cadastral surveys, mostly in Alaska, and more than $700,000 for land records improvement. An increase of $450,000 for financial trust services will be used to improve trust fund investment operations and to develop and implement a new trust fund accounting system.

The $1.4 million requested for the new consolidated training program will be used to recruit and train qualified Indians to improve the quality and efficiency of the services provided by the Bureau to tribal groups. The BIA will activate understudy, cooperative education and in-service training programs for its employees.

Some of the major decreases from the 1986 appropriation levels are accounted for by the transfer of the Johnson-O'Malley program, $22.1 million; reduced construction, $41. 7 million; and elimination of one-time payments of $6 million for emergency hay purchases and $7.5 million for payments to the Alaska Escrow account.

There has also been a reduction of $12 million for programs in Alaska. Because of the implementation of the Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act and the assumption by the state of greater responsibility for education and welfare programs, previous levels of federal financial support for Alaska Natives are no longer considered necessary.

BUREAU OF INDIAN AFFAIRS BUDGET REQUEST FOR 1987

* 1986 Appropriation figures have been adjusted to reflect a 4.3% Gramm-Rudman reduction.

(All dollar amounts are in Thousands.)

I have been informed that demonstrations are planned sometime this weekend in Washington, D.C., and in other parts of the country protesting the resettlement of those Navajo families residing on land partitioned to the Hopi Indian Tribe as a result of the Navajo-Hopi Land Settlement Act (P.L. 93-531) passed by the U.S. Congress in 1974.

There has been and continues to be, a lot of misinformation and distortion of fact, and emotional appeals for support issued by mostly non-Indian activist groups who oppose the law. The actions by these groups have been denounced frequently by both Navajo and Hopi tribal leaders.

I would suggest that groups and organizations who want to help the Indian people involved, use their time and energy to help the tribes and the government achieve a humane and decent resettlement for those required to move to new homelands. We are nearing the end of what has been a long and painful disruption of the lives of many people. I would like to see those participating in demonstrations devote their energies to helping us complete the process by working with those yet to be resettled.

Only about 240 Navajo families remain on the Hopi partitioned lands that are to be resettled. I have visited the area where most Navajos awaiting relocation are residing, and I firmly believe that nearly all of them will agree to move when they are assured that appropriate housing and grazing lands will be available on the "new" lands purchased and added to the Navajo Reservation.

I want to emphasize that there will be no action by the federal government to forcibly remove Navajo families from land belonging to the Hopi Indian Tribe. Congress has recognized that the original July 6, 1986, deadline for completing relocation cannot be met. Extensive counseling of the Navajos affected will be given a high priority in this final phase of resettlement. We hope to complete the process by the end of 1987 and Congress has been so advised.

Secretary of the Interior Don Hodel today announced an FY 1989 budget for the Department that maintains funding levels for the Department's key operating programs, improves management of the Nation's water resources and adds funds to help eliminate hazardous wastes and contaminants affecting Interior activities.

The $6.56 billion budget is $600 million less than the FY 1988 budget enacted by Congress and is consistent with prior Interior budgets for this Administration in that only the highest priority construction and land acquisition projects are proposed for funding. Almost half of the decrease is in the area of land acquisition and non-Reclamation construction. About $3.5 billion has been appropriated in these areas since 1980. Many of the remaining reductions are in the area of state grant programs and lower priority research.

"Observers of past Administration budgets for Interior should find few surprises in this proposal," Hodel said. "We have made decisions in the budget which support the President's goals for Interior while continuing to meet the budget constraints necessary to reduce the federal deficit. This is a responsible budget which emphasizes the protection of existing resources and the upgrading of facilities and the maintaining of the Department's core programs."

The proposal includes the largest budgets ever requested for the operations of national parks) reclamation facilities) and the Minerals Management Service. The request also maintains funding levels for the operation of national wildlife refuges and fish hatcheries. Funds will be used to better manage resources and to upgrade the interpretive and visitor services at national park sites.

The budget reflects the new direction of the Bureau of Reclamation, announced in 1987, from an agency emphasizing construction of large water projects to one emphasizing better water resource management and environmental quality. Although funding for new construction is reduced slightly, there is a $32 million increase to provide better management and improved efficiency of existing facilities and to assure water and power commitments to the beneficiaries are met. In keeping with the Bureau's new focus, 11 new studies will be funded in the areas of water conservation, environmental protection and restoration, and more efficient water management practices. These studies will explore nonstructural means that can help resolve the West's water resource problems. To carry out these changes, the Bureau is undertaking a reorganization that will result in consolidating and moving certain agency functions. This will involve a reduction of approximately 500 personnel by the end of FY 1989.

In 1987, the practice of funding approved reclamation construction projects also changed from one of dividing funding shortages among all projects to one of providing those projects closest to completion enough funds to stay on schedule. The FY 1989 budget continues this philosophy, but also will make funds available for some projects whose funds were constrained in FY 1988.

The Department will more than double its funding to address hazardous materials problems on public lands. The increase is provided for a Department-wide effort to resolve existing or potential problems on lands for which Interior has responsibility. Funds are provided to accelerate investigations and corrective actions on more than 200 sites on lands managed by the Bureau of Land Management that could pose public health or environmental problems. The Department will continue to provide funding for the cleanup of contamination problems at Kesterson National Wildlife Refuge, the San Joaquin Valley Drainage Program, and for a Department-wide Irrigation Drainage Task Force.

Interior is encouraging several innovative means to protect the Nation's natural resources without additional federal funding. One successful alternative to land acquisition frequently used during this Administration has been land trades which protect priority wildlife habitat and park lands without additional federal land acquisition expenditures. Since 1980, the National Park Service and the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service have acquired more than 200,000 acres through exchanges. These agencies have the potential of acquiring more than a million additional acres by the end of FY 1989.

Another emphasis of this Administration has been the encouragement and use of volunteers. Last year more than 56tOOO people volunteered over 2.5 million hours of their time to give tours, plant trees, band birds, and do a multitude of other jobs on Interior lands. In 1989, the volunteer contribution is expected to increase as the President's Take Pride in America campaign enters its third year.

In FY 1989, the Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA) will implement a demonstration project that will allow at least ten Indian tribes to develop and implement tribal designed, rather than BIA designed, budgets. The planning process for these budgets began in 1988. Hodel described the new budgeting process is one of the Department's most promising initiatives and the beginning of a long-term effort designed to lessen the role of the BIA in the day-to-day life of Indian tribes and individuals. Increases also are requested for Indian education and social service programs and to address employment problems on reservations.

Within the Bureau of Mines budget, increased funding and a redirection of existing resources will support research to minimize health and safety hazards in mines, develop cost effective environmental controls, and improve efficiency and competitiveness of the U.S. mining industry. Funding priorities in the U.S. Geological Survey include continuation of the transition to digital map production, scientific studies of the Exclusive Economic Zone, and seven pilot studies in the National Water Quality Assessment program. However, overall funding of these bureaus will decrease, as lower priority research is deemphasized.

Included in the budget are the assumptions that Congress will authorize exploration in a portion of the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge and that the first lease sale will occur in 1990. The budget provides $2 million for continued environmental research in support of leasing.

Requests for funds available for grants to States for the reclamation of abandoned coalmines will be reduced by $30 million, to $129.6 million. This will not reduce funds actually received by the States, because in recent years their ability to obligate funds for this purpose has not kept pace with the rate at which funds have been made available. As a result, there is a substantial carryover from previous years which, when combined with the FY 1989 budget request, will allow States to complete ongoing projects and start new ones. Funds for grants to States for endangered species, anadromous fish, historic preservation and recreation programs have not been requested.

Sport fish restoration funds for States will increase by $33.7 million, to a record $194.8 million, as a result of revenues from fishing related activities. Since 1985, funding for this purpose has increased 514%. Payments to States for oil and gas revenues from public lands will also increase by $26.7 million, to $439.1 million, largely as a result of production increases.

The budget includes $600,000 for the National Park Service to explore in more detail the costs and benefits of restoring the almost 2,000 acres of the Hetch Hetchy Valley, presently flooded by the Hetch Hetchy Reservoir, to their natural grandeur as part of Yosemite National Park.

Interior is also undertaking several management improvement efforts which convincingly demonstrate it is possible to operate Government agencies in a more cost effective manner, Hodel said. The Department is continuing the process of consolidating from 13 accounting systems and 30 payments centers spread across all Interior bureaus to one standard system. The Office of Management and Budget has described this effort as a model for the federal government. In other areas often overlooked by line managers --unemployment compensation and worker compensation-- Interior management initiatives are contributing substantial cost savings and are returning employees who want to work to productive employment.

Among the other management efficiencies proposed in the budget is a more effective method of ensuring the proper amount of royalties due the United States is collected from the 24,000 onshore Federal and Indian producing oil and gas leases. The budget includes $4.4 million for the Minerals Management Service to extend automated production reporting to cover all producing onshore leases. The system will allow automated comparison of sales reports from royalty payers with actual production reports from lease operations, thereby minimizing underpayment.

A total of $23 million is requested for accelerated development of the Automated Land Records System of BLM, an increase of $9.5 million. This data management system will automate the more than one billion documents which comprise the land status data from all States. When completed in 1993, it will significantly reduce the time involved in processing land and mineral casework and offer greatly improved services to the general public.

In FY 1989, the Department also will explore a variety of alternatives to government supplied housing. Interior has approximately 10,600 units of housing, over half of which need significant repair. Alternatives that may be pursued include employee cooperatives, sale or lease of current housing units to employees, private financing of necessary rehabilitation and new construction, and joint ventures with the private sector.

The Bureau of Indian Affairs is launching today a greatly expanded disease prevention program designed to bring the benefits of modern sanitation and personal hygiene directly into Indian homes and communities in the Western States and in the native villages of Alaska.

First step in the new program is a six-week orientation course for 20 young Indian sanitarian aide candidates 1tlhich begins today" at the Phoenix (Ariz.) Medical Center. Upon completion of the course; which is being given with the cooperation of the United States Public Health Service and State and local health agencies of Arizona, the new sanitarian aides will be assigned to duty serving reservation areas in Wisconsin, Minnesota, North Dakota, South Dakota, Montana, Wyoming, Idaho, Washington, Oregon, Colorado, Arizona, and New Mexico.

Simultaneously the Bureau is enlarging its field staff of qualified sanitary engineers stationed in area offices and agency headquarters. In addition to the engineers who have been serving at Phoenix and Window Rock, Arizona, others will take up their duties at Aberdeen, Se Dak., Albuquerque, New Mex., Billings, Mont., Minneapolis, Minn., Portland, Oreg., and Juneau, Alaska.

Although the Bureau has done sanitation work in connection with its schools, hospitals and other installations for many years, the program to improve sanitation in Indian homes and communities was initiated only two years ago on a comparatively small scale. In line with plans developed by Commissioner Glenn L. Emmons, it is now being broadened into an intensive drive against insanitary environmental conditions which are chiefly responsible for diseases such as typhoid fever, dysentery and infectious hepatitis among the Indian population.

In 1952 the Bureau reported 9.5 cases of Typhoid fever per 100,000 of Indian population, 1,100 cases of dysentery, and 93 of infectious hepatitis These compare with national averages for the same diseases of 1.5, 17.6 and 11.2.

Field work under the program will consist primarily of meetings and demonstrations in reservation areas to instruct Indian families in practical sanitation measures and personal hygiene precautions. Special emphasis will be given to the development and protection of family or community water supplies, the construction and maintenance of low-cost, fly-tight privies and garbage pits of simple design, the fly-screening of homes, and the control of insect breeding places.

The work will be carried out in cooperation with Indian tribal councils and tribal funds will be used, wherever possible, in making the improvements.

"Poor health", Commissioner Emmons said in commenting on the new program, "is one of the most important factors now holding back many thousands of Indian people from a full realization of their potentialities as American citizens and as human beings. Effective health protection of the kind which most Americans typically take for-granted in their homes and communities must be made more widely available to our Indian people so that they can overcome their handicaps and take their rightful place alongside other citizens of the Nation. The expanded program we are launching today at the Phoenix Medical Center is an important further step in that direction."

Up to now the Bureau's field sanitation staff has consisted of four sanitary engineers, three sanitarians, and 13 young Indian sanitarian aides. Sanitarian aides are now stationed in South Dakota at Sisseton and Cheyenne River Agencies; in New Mexico at United Pueblos Agency, in Montana at Northern Cheyenne Agency, in Minnesota at Red Lake Agency, and in Arizona at Colorado River, Fort Apache, San Carlos, Pima, Papago, Navajo and Hopi Agencies.

Under the expanded program the staff at Navajo and United Pueblos Agencies will be increased and sanitarian aides will be stationed in North Dakota at Standing Rock and Turtle Mountain Agencies, in South Dakota at Pine Ridge, Rosebud and Crow Creek Agencies, in Montana at Blackfeet, Fort Peck and Fort Belknap Agencies, in Wyoming at Wind River Agency, in Minnesota at Consolidated Chippewa Agency, in Wisconsin at Great Lakes Agency, in Idaho at Fort Hall and Northern Idaho Agencies, in Washington at Yakima Agency, and in Oregon at Umatilla and Warm Springs Agencies. Service will also be provided from the Albuquerque headquarters to the Jicarilla and Mescalero Agencies in New Mexico and to the Consolidated Ute Agency in Colorado.

Extension of the program to Alaska is in line with the preliminary report of the Alaska Health Survey under Dr. Thomas Parran which called attention to the almost total absence of environmental sanitation in the emergency problem area north and west of the Seward-Fairbanks Railbelt. The plans call for initiation of a pilot project in this region involving the training of six native sanitarian aides and their assignment to villages where their services are most urgently needed.

Secretary of the Interior Douglas McKay today announced that the Bureau of Indian Affairs will make a further study of the hospitalization of Indians of the Wind River Reservation in Wyoming next September if the Bureau is then still responsible for the Indian health program. Under the provisions of H.R. 303, now under active consideration by Congress, responsibilities for Indian health protection would be transferred from the Bureau to the United States Public Health Service.

The decision to restudy the Wind River hospital situation was made by Commissioner of Indian Affairs Glenn L. Emmons in response to requests made over the past several months by the late Senator Lester C. Hunt, Senator Frank A., Barrett, and Representative William Henry Harrison.

The Bureau's 38-bed hospital at Fort Washakie, serving the reservation, was closed in July 1953 because of a physician shortage and the availability of service and beds in local community facilities. Since that time hospitalization has been provided for the medically indigent Indians of the reservation at hospitals in Lander and Riverton under contracts with the Bureau. Reports from the area indicate that these hospitals and the local doctors have been providing the Indians with good service.

Promotion of Perry E. Skarra from the superintendency of the Yakima Indian Agency., Toppenish, Wash., to the position of assistant area director for the Bureau of Indian Affairs at Portland, Oreg., and appointment of Dannie E. L. Crone, soil conservationist with the Bureau at Window Rock, Ariz., as the new Yakima superintendent were announced today by Secretary of the Interior Douglas McKay. The changes will be effective July 25.

Skarra, a veteran of 15 years' service with the Indian Bureau, has been superintendent at Yakima since 1950. He joined the Bureau in 1939 as a junior forester at Wind River Agency and was promoted to senior forester transferring to the former Tongue River Agency, Lame Deer, Mont., in 1941.

After two years in this position Skarra served for three months in 1943 with the Army Engineers at Fort Belvoir, Va., and returned to the Bureau as forest supervisor at the Blackfeet Agency, Browning, Mont. In 1947 he transferred to the Taholah Agency as forest manager and remained there until his appointment to the Yakima superintendency. Before joining the Bureau, he was with the u. s. Forest Service for nine years in national forests in Wyoming. He was born at Hancock, Mich., in 1909 and was graduated from the University of Minnesota with a B.S. degree in forestry.

A native of Kennard, Nebraska, Mr. LeCrone received his early education in Helena, Okla., and was graduated from the University of Oklahoma with a B.S. degree in vocational agriculture in 1939. He joined the Indian Bureau in 1941 as a farm agent at the Kiowa Agency, Anadarko, Okla., and three years later was appointed district conservationist at the Cheyenne-Arapaho Agency, Concho, Okla. After two years in this post and one year in a similar position at the Osage Agency, Pawhuska, Okla., he was transferred to the office at Muskogee, Okla., where he was put in charge of soil and moisture conservation work in eastern Oklahoma. He was transferred to the Navajo Agency in 1952. Prior to joining the Bureau he worked one year for the c. and M. Produce Co. in south Texas, and for two years was assistant county supervisor with the Farm Security Administration at Oklahoma City.

Arthur N. Arntson, finance officer for the Bureau of Indian Affairs at Aberdeen, S. Dak,., has been appointed superintendent of the Wind River Agency, Fort Washakie, Wyo., Secretary of the Interior Douglas McKay announced today. The transfer is effective July 18. He replaces W. Wendell Palmer who was transferred on June 13 to the superintendency at Klamath Agency, Oreg. Glenn R. Landbloom, previously announced as the new Wind River superintendent, will remain in the Aberdeen area office as assistant area director in charge of resources.

Mr. Arntson has been with the Indian Bureau for 25 years and served from 1929 to 1945 in various financial and clerical positions at Red Lake Agency, Red Lake, Minn. Transferring to Wind River as chief clerk in 1945, he remained there for five years and was then appointed to his present position at Aberdeen. He was born in Minneapolis, Minn., in 1902 and educated in the public schools of that city.

Secretary of the Interior Douglas McKay today announced the opening of a new national headquarters for the Buildings and Utilities Branch of the Bureau of Indian Affairs in Albuquerque, N. Mex.

The new office, which will supervise all construction activities of the Bureau) is being staffed with construction personnel drawn from the Bureau's central office in Washington, D. C. and from area offices throughout the country. When fully staffed, it will consist of 37 technical and 15 clerical or administrative employees.

Plans for the establishment of the consolidated buildings and utilities office in Albuquerque were originally announced last February as part of the reorganization of the Indian Bureau.

The Branch will continue to be headed by Edward A. Poynton, who has been its Chief since 1936.

National headquarters for the Indian Bureau's relocation program, involving guidance and help for Indian workers and their families seeking to establish new homes away from the reservations, will be moved on August 1 from Washington, D. c., to Denver, Colo. Secretary of the Interior Douglas McKay announced today.

Charles F. Miller, Chief of the Bureau’s Branch of Relocation for the past two years, will continue to direct the program from Denver. However, Charles B. Rovin, Assistant Chief of the Branch, will remain in Washington as a liaison with the Bureau's Central Office.

The move, which will place the Bureau's top relocation staff in closer proximity to the major centers of Indian population, points up the increased emphasis which the Bureau is now giving to this phase of its operations.

Two other recent developments also underline the growing importance of relocation activity.

One is the focusing of attention by Commissioner Glenn L. Emmons on the urgent need for providing reservation Indians with wider and more diverse opportunities for economic advancement. Commissioner Emmons has stressed this theme frequently and has pointed to the Bureau’s relocation program as one practical answer to the problem.

Relocation was also featured prominently in the report of the survey team which completed an organization study of the Bureau in late 1953. "More attention,” the report stated, "should be given to Indians' needs as individuals and in helping them earn a livelihood in much the same ways as the majority of American people who are working for salaries and wages in towns and cities."